CVEs from 2018
Total
2,843
critical
critical 238
high
high 331
medium
medium 263
low
low 39
% Critical
8.4%
% with KEV
3.1%
% with exploit
9.1%
Top vendors
- intel 1,561
- schneider-electric 43
- siemens 42
- rockwellautomation 16
- echelon 15
- redhat 12
- oracle 9
- arm 9
Top products
- core_i7 379
- core_i5 375
- core_i3 242
- xeon_e5 82
- xeon_e7 62
- xeon_e3 58
- xeon_gold 33
- atom_z 30
| CVE | Severity | CVSS | Risk | Flags | OS | Vendor | Published | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2018-17962 | unknown | — | — | — | Qemu has a Buffer Overflow in pcnet_receive in hw/net/pcnet.c because an incorrect integer data type is used. | |||
| CVE-2018-17963 | unknown | — | — | — | qemu_deliver_packet_iov in net/net.c in Qemu accepts packet sizes greater than INT_MAX, which allows attackers to cause a denial of service or possibly have unspecified other impact. | |||
| CVE-2018-5683 | unknown | — | — | — | The vga_draw_text function in Qemu allows local OS guest privileged users to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and QEMU process crash) by leveraging improper memory address validation. | |||
| CVE-2018-18438 | unknown | — | — | — | Qemu has integer overflows because IOReadHandler and its associated functions use a signed integer data type for a size value. | |||
| CVE-2018-19364 | unknown | — | — | — | hw/9pfs/cofile.c and hw/9pfs/9p.c in QEMU can modify an fid path while it is being accessed by a second thread, leading to (for example) a use-after-free outcome. | |||
| CVE-2018-19489 | unknown | — | — | — | v9fs_wstat in hw/9pfs/9p.c in QEMU allows guest OS users to cause a denial of service (crash) because of a race condition during file renaming. | |||
| CVE-2018-19665 | unknown | — | — | — | The Bluetooth subsystem in QEMU mishandles negative values for length variables, leading to memory corruption. | |||
| CVE-2018-20123 | unknown | — | — | — | pvrdma_realize in hw/rdma/vmw/pvrdma_main.c in QEMU has a Memory leak after an initialisation error. | |||
| CVE-2018-7550 | unknown | — | — | — | The load_multiboot function in hw/i386/multiboot.c in Quick Emulator (aka QEMU) allows local guest OS users to execute arbitrary code on the QEMU host via a mh_load_end_addr value greater than mh_bss… | |||
| CVE-2018-20125 | unknown | — | — | — | hw/rdma/vmw/pvrdma_cmd.c in QEMU allows attackers to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference or excessive memory allocation) in create_cq_ring or create_qp_rings. | |||
| CVE-2018-20191 | unknown | — | — | — | hw/rdma/vmw/pvrdma_main.c in QEMU does not implement a read operation (such as uar_read by analogy to uar_write), which allows attackers to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference). | |||
| CVE-2018-20126 | unknown | — | — | — | hw/rdma/vmw/pvrdma_cmd.c in QEMU allows create_cq and create_qp memory leaks because errors are mishandled. | |||
| CVE-2018-20216 | unknown | — | — | — | QEMU can have an infinite loop in hw/rdma/vmw/pvrdma_dev_ring.c because return values are not checked (and -1 is mishandled). | |||
| CVE-2018-7858 | unknown | — | — | — | Quick Emulator (aka QEMU), when built with the Cirrus CLGD 54xx VGA Emulator support, allows local guest OS privileged users to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds access and QEMU process crash)… | |||
| CVE-2018-14432 | unknown | — | — | — | In the Federation component of OpenStack Keystone before 11.0.4, 12.0.0, and 13.0.0, an authenticated "GET /v3/OS-FEDERATION/projects" request may bypass intended access restrictions on listing proje… | |||
| CVE-2018-8098 | unknown | — | — | — | Integer overflow in the index.c:read_entry() function while decompressing a compressed prefix length in libgit2 before v0.26.2 allows an attacker to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via… | |||
| CVE-2018-0501 | unknown | — | — | — | The mirror:// method implementation in Advanced Package Tool (APT) 1.6.x before 1.6.4 and 1.7.x before 1.7.0~alpha3 mishandles gpg signature verification for the InRelease file of a fallback mirror, … | |||
| CVE-2018-12034 | unknown | — | — | — | In YARA 3.7.1 and prior, parsing a specially crafted compiled rule file can cause an out of bounds read vulnerability in yr_execute_code in libyara/exec.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-12035 | unknown | — | — | — | In YARA 3.7.1 and prior, parsing a specially crafted compiled rule file can cause an out of bounds write vulnerability in yr_execute_code in libyara/exec.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-19976 | unknown | — | — | — | In YARA 3.8.1, bytecode in a specially crafted compiled rule is exposed to information about its environment, in libyara/exec.c. This is a consequence of the design of the YARA virtual machine. | |||
| CVE-2018-25015 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 4.14.16. There is a use-after-free in net/sctp/socket.c for a held lock after a peel off, aka CID-a0ff660058b8. | |||
| CVE-2018-1000004 | unknown | — | — | — | In the Linux kernel 4.12, 3.10, 2.6 and possibly earlier versions a race condition vulnerability exists in the sound system, this can lead to a deadlock and denial of service condition. | |||
| CVE-2018-10074 | unknown | — | — | — | The hi3660_stub_clk_probe function in drivers/clk/hisilicon/clk-hi3660-stub.c in the Linux kernel before 4.16 allows local users to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference) by triggering … | |||
| CVE-2018-1000026 | unknown | — | — | — | Linux Linux kernel version at least v4.8 onwards, probably well before contains a Insufficient input validation vulnerability in bnx2x network card driver that can result in DoS: Network card firmwar… | |||
| CVE-2018-1000199 | unknown | — | — | — | The Linux Kernel version 3.18 contains a dangerous feature vulnerability in modify_user_hw_breakpoint() that can result in crash and possibly memory corruption. This attack appear to be exploitable v… | |||
| CVE-2018-1000200 | unknown | — | — | — | The Linux Kernel versions 4.14, 4.15, and 4.16 has a null pointer dereference which can result in an out of memory (OOM) killing of large mlocked processes. The issue arises from an oom killed proces… | |||
| CVE-2018-1000204 | unknown | — | — | — | Linux Kernel version 3.18 to 4.16 incorrectly handles an SG_IO ioctl on /dev/sg0 with dxfer_direction=SG_DXFER_FROM_DEV and an empty 6-byte cmdp. This may lead to copying up to 1000 kernel heap pages… | |||
| CVE-2018-10322 | unknown | — | — | — | The xfs_dinode_verify function in fs/xfs/libxfs/xfs_inode_buf.c in the Linux kernel through 4.16.3 allows local users to cause a denial of service (xfs_ilock_attr_map_shared invalid pointer dereferen… | |||
| CVE-2018-10675 | unknown | — | — | — | The do_get_mempolicy function in mm/mempolicy.c in the Linux kernel before 4.12.9 allows local users to cause a denial of service (use-after-free) or possibly have unspecified other impact via crafte… | |||
| CVE-2018-10853 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the way Linux kernel KVM hypervisor before 4.18 emulated instructions such as sgdt/sidt/fxsave/fxrstor. It did not check current privilege(CPL) level while emulating unprivileged … | |||
| CVE-2018-1087 | unknown | — | — | — | kernel KVM before versions kernel 4.16, kernel 4.16-rc7, kernel 4.17-rc1, kernel 4.17-rc2 and kernel 4.17-rc3 is vulnerable to a flaw in the way the Linux kernel's KVM hypervisor handled exceptions d… | |||
| CVE-2018-10872 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the way the Linux kernel handled exceptions delivered after a stack switch operation via Mov SS or Pop SS instructions. During the stack switch operation, processor does not deliv… | |||
| CVE-2018-10876 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in Linux kernel in the ext4 filesystem code. A use-after-free is possible in ext4_ext_remove_space() function when mounting and operating a crafted ext4 image. | |||
| CVE-2018-10878 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's ext4 filesystem. A local user can cause an out-of-bounds write and a denial of service or unspecified other impact is possible by mounting and operating a craft… | |||
| CVE-2018-10879 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's ext4 filesystem. A local user can cause a use-after-free in ext4_xattr_set_entry function and a denial of service or unspecified other impact may occur by renam… | |||
| CVE-2018-10882 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's ext4 filesystem. A local user can cause an out-of-bound write in in fs/jbd2/transaction.c code, a denial of service, and a system crash by unmounting a crafted … | |||
| CVE-2018-10880 | unknown | — | — | — | Linux kernel is vulnerable to a stack-out-of-bounds write in the ext4 filesystem code when mounting and writing to a crafted ext4 image in ext4_update_inline_data(). An attacker could use this to cau… | |||
| CVE-2018-10881 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's ext4 filesystem. A local user can cause an out-of-bound access in ext4_get_group_info function, a denial of service, and a system crash by mounting and operatin… | |||
| CVE-2018-10901 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in Linux kernel's KVM virtualization subsystem. The VMX code does not restore the GDT.LIMIT to the previous host value, but instead sets it to 64KB. With a corrupted GDT limit a host… | |||
| CVE-2018-10902 | unknown | — | — | — | It was found that the raw midi kernel driver does not protect against concurrent access which leads to a double realloc (double free) in snd_rawmidi_input_params() and snd_rawmidi_output_status() whi… | |||
| CVE-2018-1091 | unknown | — | — | — | In the flush_tmregs_to_thread function in arch/powerpc/kernel/ptrace.c in the Linux kernel before 4.13.5, a guest kernel crash can be triggered from unprivileged userspace during a core dump on a POW… | |||
| CVE-2018-10938 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel present since v4.0-rc1 and through v4.13-rc4. A crafted network packet sent remotely by an attacker may force the kernel to enter an infinite loop in the cipso_v4… | |||
| CVE-2018-10940 | unknown | — | — | — | The cdrom_ioctl_media_changed function in drivers/cdrom/cdrom.c in the Linux kernel before 4.16.6 allows local attackers to use a incorrect bounds check in the CDROM driver CDROM_MEDIA_CHANGED ioctl … | |||
| CVE-2018-1095 | unknown | — | — | — | The ext4_xattr_check_entries function in fs/ext4/xattr.c in the Linux kernel through 4.15.15 does not properly validate xattr sizes, which causes misinterpretation of a size as an error code, and con… | |||
| CVE-2018-1118 | unknown | — | — | — | Linux kernel vhost since version 4.8 does not properly initialize memory in messages passed between virtual guests and the host operating system in the vhost/vhost.c:vhost_new_msg() function. This ca… | |||
| CVE-2018-11232 | unknown | — | — | — | The etm_setup_aux function in drivers/hwtracing/coresight/coresight-etm-perf.c in the Linux kernel before 4.10.2 allows attackers to cause a denial of service (panic) because a parameter is incorrect… | |||
| CVE-2018-1130 | unknown | — | — | — | Linux kernel before version 4.16-rc7 is vulnerable to a null pointer dereference in dccp_write_xmit() function in net/dccp/output.c in that allows a local user to cause a denial of service by a numbe… | |||
| CVE-2018-11506 | unknown | — | — | — | The sr_do_ioctl function in drivers/scsi/sr_ioctl.c in the Linux kernel through 4.16.12 allows local users to cause a denial of service (stack-based buffer overflow) or possibly have unspecified othe… | |||
| CVE-2018-12232 | unknown | — | — | — | In net/socket.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.1, there is a race condition between fchownat and close in cases where they target the same socket file descriptor, related to the sock_close and sock… | |||
| CVE-2018-16860 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in samba's Heimdal KDC implementation, versions 4.8.x up to, excluding 4.8.12, 4.9.x up to, excluding 4.9.8 and 4.10.x up to, excluding 4.10.3, when used in AD DC mode. A man in the … | |||
| CVE-2018-12233 | unknown | — | — | — | In the ea_get function in fs/jfs/xattr.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.1, a memory corruption bug in JFS can be triggered by calling setxattr twice with two different extended attribute names on t… | |||
| CVE-2018-12633 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.2. vbg_misc_device_ioctl() in drivers/virt/vboxguest/vboxguest_linux.c reads the same user data twice with copy_from_user. The header part of … | |||
| CVE-2018-12714 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.2. The filter parsing in kernel/trace/trace_events_filter.c could be called with no filter, which is an N=0 case when it expected at least one… | |||
| CVE-2018-13053 | unknown | — | — | — | The alarm_timer_nsleep function in kernel/time/alarmtimer.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3 has an integer overflow via a large relative timeout because ktime_add_safe is not used. | |||
| CVE-2018-13094 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/xfs/libxfs/xfs_attr_leaf.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3. An OOPS may occur for a corrupted xfs image after xfs_da_shrink_inode() is called with a NULL bp. | |||
| CVE-2018-13093 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/xfs/xfs_icache.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3. There is a NULL pointer dereference and panic in lookup_slow() on a NULL inode->i_ops pointer when doing pathwalks o… | |||
| CVE-2018-13097 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/f2fs/super.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3. There is an out-of-bounds read or a divide-by-zero error for an incorrect user_block_count in a corrupted f2fs image, le… | |||
| CVE-2018-13406 | unknown | — | — | — | An integer overflow in the uvesafb_setcmap function in drivers/video/fbdev/uvesafb.c in the Linux kernel before 4.17.4 could result in local attackers being able to crash the kernel or potentially el… | |||
| CVE-2018-14609 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.10. There is an invalid pointer dereference in __del_reloc_root() in fs/btrfs/relocation.c when mounting a crafted btrfs image, related to rem… | |||
| CVE-2018-14611 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.10. There is a use-after-free in try_merge_free_space() when mounting a crafted btrfs image, because of a lack of chunk type flag checks in bt… | |||
| CVE-2018-14610 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.10. There is out-of-bounds access in write_extent_buffer() when mounting and operating a crafted btrfs image, because of a lack of verificatio… | |||
| CVE-2018-14633 | unknown | — | — | — | A security flaw was found in the chap_server_compute_md5() function in the ISCSI target code in the Linux kernel in a way an authentication request from an ISCSI initiator is processed. An unauthenti… | |||
| CVE-2018-14619 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the crypto subsystem of the Linux kernel before version kernel-4.15-rc4. The "null skcipher" was being dropped when each af_alg_ctx was freed instead of when the aead_tfm was free… | |||
| CVE-2018-14641 | unknown | — | — | — | A security flaw was found in the ip_frag_reasm() function in net/ipv4/ip_fragment.c in the Linux kernel from 4.19-rc1 to 4.19-rc3 inclusive, which can cause a later system crash in ip_do_fragment(). … | |||
| CVE-2018-14646 | unknown | — | — | — | The Linux kernel before 4.15-rc8 was found to be vulnerable to a NULL pointer dereference bug in the __netlink_ns_capable() function in the net/netlink/af_netlink.c file. A local attacker could explo… | |||
| CVE-2018-16276 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in yurex_read in drivers/usb/misc/yurex.c in the Linux kernel before 4.17.7. Local attackers could use user access read/writes with incorrect bounds checking in the yurex USB … | |||
| CVE-2018-14656 | unknown | — | — | — | A missing address check in the callers of the show_opcodes() in the Linux kernel allows an attacker to dump the kernel memory at an arbitrary kernel address into the dmesg log. | |||
| CVE-2018-16862 | unknown | — | — | — | A security flaw was found in the Linux kernel in a way that the cleancache subsystem clears an inode after the final file truncation (removal). The new file created with the same inode may contain le… | |||
| CVE-2018-16658 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 4.18.6. An information leak in cdrom_ioctl_drive_status in drivers/cdrom/cdrom.c could be used by local attackers to read kernel memory because a ca… | |||
| CVE-2018-18386 | unknown | — | — | — | drivers/tty/n_tty.c in the Linux kernel before 4.14.11 allows local attackers (who are able to access pseudo terminals) to hang/block further usage of any pseudo terminal devices due to an EXTPROC ve… | |||
| CVE-2018-18021 | unknown | — | — | — | arch/arm64/kvm/guest.c in KVM in the Linux kernel before 4.18.12 on the arm64 platform mishandles the KVM_SET_ON_REG ioctl. This is exploitable by attackers who can create virtual machines. An attack… | |||
| CVE-2018-18397 | unknown | — | — | — | The userfaultfd implementation in the Linux kernel before 4.19.7 mishandles access control for certain UFFDIO_ ioctl calls, as demonstrated by allowing local users to write data into holes in a tmpfs… | |||
| CVE-2018-18559 | unknown | — | — | — | In the Linux kernel through 4.19, a use-after-free can occur due to a race condition between fanout_add from setsockopt and bind on an AF_PACKET socket. This issue exists because of the 15fe076edea78… | |||
| CVE-2018-18690 | unknown | — | — | — | In the Linux kernel before 4.17, a local attacker able to set attributes on an xfs filesystem could make this filesystem non-operational until the next mount by triggering an unchecked error conditio… | |||
| CVE-2018-18710 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.19. An information leak in cdrom_ioctl_select_disc in drivers/cdrom/cdrom.c could be used by local attackers to read kernel memory because a cast… | |||
| CVE-2018-19406 | unknown | — | — | — | kvm_pv_send_ipi in arch/x86/kvm/lapic.c in the Linux kernel through 4.19.2 allows local users to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference and BUG) via crafted system calls that reach a sit… | |||
| CVE-2018-20509 | unknown | — | — | — | The print_binder_ref_olocked function in drivers/android/binder.c in the Linux kernel 4.14.90 allows local users to obtain sensitive address information by reading " ref *desc *node" lines in a debug… | |||
| CVE-2018-20669 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue where a provided address with access_ok() is not checked was discovered in i915_gem_execbuffer2_ioctl in drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_gem_execbuffer.c in the Linux kernel through 4.19.13. A loc… | |||
| CVE-2018-20836 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 4.20. There is a race condition in smp_task_timedout() and smp_task_done() in drivers/scsi/libsas/sas_expander.c, leading to a use-after-free. | |||
| CVE-2018-20856 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 4.18.7. In block/blk-core.c, there is an __blk_drain_queue() use-after-free because a certain error case is mishandled. | |||
| CVE-2018-20976 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/xfs/xfs_super.c in the Linux kernel before 4.18. A use after free exists, related to xfs_fs_fill_super failure. | |||
| CVE-2018-5750 | unknown | — | — | — | The acpi_smbus_hc_add function in drivers/acpi/sbshc.c in the Linux kernel through 4.14.15 allows local users to obtain sensitive address information by reading dmesg data from an SBS HC printk call. | |||
| CVE-2018-1079 | unknown | — | — | — | pcs before version 0.9.164 and 0.10 is vulnerable to a privilege escalation via authorized user malicious REST call. The REST interface of the pcsd service did not properly sanitize the file name fro… | |||
| CVE-2018-1086 | unknown | — | — | — | pcs before versions 0.9.164 and 0.10 is vulnerable to a debug parameter removal bypass. REST interface of the pcsd service did not properly remove the pcs debug argument from the /run_pcs query, poss… | |||
| CVE-2018-1002209 | unknown | — | — | — | QuaZIP before 0.7.6 is vulnerable to directory traversal, allowing attackers to write to arbitrary files via a ../ (dot dot slash) in a Zip archive entry that is mishandled during extraction. This vu… | |||
| CVE-2018-1000071 | unknown | — | — | — | roundcube version 1.3.4 and earlier contains an Insecure Permissions vulnerability in enigma plugin that can result in exfiltration of gpg private key. This attack appear to be exploitable via networ… | |||
| CVE-2018-19205 | unknown | — | — | — | Roundcube before 1.3.7 mishandles GnuPG MDC integrity-protection warnings, which makes it easier for attackers to obtain sensitive information, a related issue to CVE-2017-17688. This is associated w… | |||
| CVE-2018-19206 | unknown | — | — | — | steps/mail/func.inc in Roundcube before 1.3.8 has XSS via crafted use of <svg><style>, as demonstrated by an onload attribute in a BODY element, within an HTML attachment. | |||
| CVE-2018-10323 | unknown | — | — | — | The xfs_bmap_extents_to_btree function in fs/xfs/libxfs/xfs_bmap.c in the Linux kernel through 4.16.3 allows local users to cause a denial of service (xfs_bmapi_write NULL pointer dereference) via a … | |||
| CVE-2018-1066 | unknown | — | — | — | The Linux kernel before version 4.11 is vulnerable to a NULL pointer dereference in fs/cifs/cifsencrypt.c:setup_ntlmv2_rsp() that allows an attacker controlling a CIFS server to kernel panic a client… | |||
| CVE-2018-10840 | unknown | — | — | — | Linux kernel is vulnerable to a heap-based buffer overflow in the fs/ext4/xattr.c:ext4_xattr_set_entry() function. An attacker could exploit this by operating on a mounted crafted ext4 image. | |||
| CVE-2018-6557 | unknown | — | — | — | The MOTD update script in the base-files package in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS before 10.1ubuntu2.2, and Ubuntu 18.10 before 10.1ubuntu6 incorrectly handled temporary files. A local attacker could use this iss… | |||
| CVE-2018-25103 | unknown | — | — | — | There exists use-after-free vulnerabilities in lighttpd <= 1.4.50 request parsing which might read from invalid pointers to memory used in the same request, not from other requests. | |||
| CVE-2018-10877 | unknown | — | — | — | Linux kernel ext4 filesystem is vulnerable to an out-of-bound access in the ext4_ext_drop_refs() function when operating on a crafted ext4 filesystem image. | |||
| CVE-2018-10186 | unknown | — | — | — | In radare2 2.5.0, there is a heap-based buffer over-read in the r_hex_bin2str function (libr/util/hex.c). Remote attackers could leverage this vulnerability to cause a denial of service via a crafted… | |||
| CVE-2018-10187 | unknown | — | — | — | In radare2 2.5.0, there is a heap-based buffer over-read in the dalvik_op function (libr/anal/p/anal_dalvik.c). Remote attackers could leverage this vulnerability to cause a denial of service via a c… | |||
| CVE-2018-20455 | unknown | — | — | — | In radare2 prior to 3.1.1, the parseOperand function inside libr/asm/p/asm_x86_nz.c may allow attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash via a stack-based buffer overflow) by crafting … | |||
| CVE-2018-15834 | unknown | — | — | — | In radare2 before 2.9.0, a heap overflow vulnerability exists in the read_module_referenced_functions function in libr/anal/flirt.c via a crafted flirt signature file. | |||
| CVE-2018-19843 | unknown | — | — | — | opmov in libr/asm/p/asm_x86_nz.c in radare2 before 3.1.0 allows attackers to cause a denial of service (buffer over-read) via crafted x86 assembly data, as demonstrated by rasm2. | |||
| CVE-2018-12322 | unknown | — | — | — | There is a heap out of bounds read in radare2 2.6.0 in _6502_op() in libr/anal/p/anal_6502.c via a crafted iNES ROM binary file. |