CVEs from 2018
Total
2,842
critical
critical 238
high
high 331
medium
medium 263
low
low 39
% Critical
8.4%
% with KEV
3.1%
% with exploit
9.1%
Top vendors
- intel 1,561
- schneider-electric 43
- siemens 42
- rockwellautomation 16
- echelon 15
- redhat 12
- oracle 9
- arm 9
Top products
- core_i7 379
- core_i5 375
- core_i3 242
- xeon_e5 82
- xeon_e7 62
- xeon_e3 58
- xeon_gold 33
- atom_z 30
| CVE | Severity | CVSS | Risk | Flags | OS | Vendor | Published | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2018-1000200 | unknown | — | — | — | The Linux Kernel versions 4.14, 4.15, and 4.16 has a null pointer dereference which can result in an out of memory (OOM) killing of large mlocked processes. The issue arises from an oom killed proces… | |||
| CVE-2018-1000204 | unknown | — | — | — | Linux Kernel version 3.18 to 4.16 incorrectly handles an SG_IO ioctl on /dev/sg0 with dxfer_direction=SG_DXFER_FROM_DEV and an empty 6-byte cmdp. This may lead to copying up to 1000 kernel heap pages… | |||
| CVE-2018-10876 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in Linux kernel in the ext4 filesystem code. A use-after-free is possible in ext4_ext_remove_space() function when mounting and operating a crafted ext4 image. | |||
| CVE-2018-10322 | unknown | — | — | — | The xfs_dinode_verify function in fs/xfs/libxfs/xfs_inode_buf.c in the Linux kernel through 4.16.3 allows local users to cause a denial of service (xfs_ilock_attr_map_shared invalid pointer dereferen… | |||
| CVE-2018-12599 | unknown | — | — | — | In ImageMagick 7.0.8-3 Q16, ReadBMPImage and WriteBMPImage in coders/bmp.c allow attackers to cause an out of bounds write via a crafted file. | |||
| CVE-2018-10675 | unknown | — | — | — | The do_get_mempolicy function in mm/mempolicy.c in the Linux kernel before 4.12.9 allows local users to cause a denial of service (use-after-free) or possibly have unspecified other impact via crafte… | |||
| CVE-2018-10887 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in libgit2 before version 0.27.3. It has been discovered that an unexpected sign extension in git_delta_apply function in delta.c file may lead to an integer overflow which in turn l… | |||
| CVE-2018-5094 | unknown | — | — | — | A heap buffer overflow vulnerability may occur in WebAssembly when "shrinkElements" is called followed by garbage collection on memory that is now uninitialized. This results in a potentially exploit… | |||
| CVE-2018-5130 | unknown | — | — | — | When packets with a mismatched RTP payload type are sent in WebRTC connections, in some circumstances a potentially exploitable crash is triggered. This vulnerability affects Firefox ESR < 52.7 and F… | |||
| CVE-2018-5135 | unknown | — | — | — | WebExtensions can bypass normal restrictions in some circumstances and use "browser.tabs.executeScript" to inject scripts into contexts where this should not be allowed, such as pages from other WebE… | |||
| CVE-2018-5133 | unknown | — | — | — | If the "app.support.baseURL" preference is changed by a malicious local program to contain HTML and script content, this content is not sanitized. It will be executed if a user loads "chrome://browse… | |||
| CVE-2018-5137 | unknown | — | — | — | A legacy extension's non-contentaccessible, defined resources can be loaded by an arbitrary web page through script. This script does this by using a maliciously crafted path string to reference the … | |||
| CVE-2018-18778 | unknown | — | — | — | ACME mini_httpd before 1.30 lets remote users read arbitrary files. | |||
| CVE-2018-12384 | unknown | — | — | — | When handling a SSLv2-compatible ClientHello request, the server doesn't generate a new random value but sends an all-zero value instead. This results in full malleability of the ClientHello for SSLv… | |||
| CVE-2018-12404 | unknown | — | — | — | A cached side channel attack during handshakes using RSA encryption could allow for the decryption of encrypted content. This is a variant of the Adaptive Chosen Ciphertext attack (AKA Bleichenbacher… | |||
| CVE-2018-17963 | unknown | — | — | — | qemu_deliver_packet_iov in net/net.c in Qemu accepts packet sizes greater than INT_MAX, which allows attackers to cause a denial of service or possibly have unspecified other impact. | |||
| CVE-2018-5683 | unknown | — | — | — | The vga_draw_text function in Qemu allows local OS guest privileged users to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read and QEMU process crash) by leveraging improper memory address validation. | |||
| CVE-2018-18438 | unknown | — | — | — | Qemu has integer overflows because IOReadHandler and its associated functions use a signed integer data type for a size value. | |||
| CVE-2018-19489 | unknown | — | — | — | v9fs_wstat in hw/9pfs/9p.c in QEMU allows guest OS users to cause a denial of service (crash) because of a race condition during file renaming. | |||
| CVE-2018-19665 | unknown | — | — | — | The Bluetooth subsystem in QEMU mishandles negative values for length variables, leading to memory corruption. | |||
| CVE-2018-7550 | unknown | — | — | — | The load_multiboot function in hw/i386/multiboot.c in Quick Emulator (aka QEMU) allows local guest OS users to execute arbitrary code on the QEMU host via a mh_load_end_addr value greater than mh_bss… | |||
| CVE-2018-20126 | unknown | — | — | — | hw/rdma/vmw/pvrdma_cmd.c in QEMU allows create_cq and create_qp memory leaks because errors are mishandled. | |||
| CVE-2018-20216 | unknown | — | — | — | QEMU can have an infinite loop in hw/rdma/vmw/pvrdma_dev_ring.c because return values are not checked (and -1 is mishandled). | |||
| CVE-2018-14432 | unknown | — | — | — | In the Federation component of OpenStack Keystone before 11.0.4, 12.0.0, and 13.0.0, an authenticated "GET /v3/OS-FEDERATION/projects" request may bypass intended access restrictions on listing proje… | |||
| CVE-2018-25015 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 4.14.16. There is a use-after-free in net/sctp/socket.c for a held lock after a peel off, aka CID-a0ff660058b8. | |||
| CVE-2018-10878 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's ext4 filesystem. A local user can cause an out-of-bounds write and a denial of service or unspecified other impact is possible by mounting and operating a craft… | |||
| CVE-2018-10879 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's ext4 filesystem. A local user can cause a use-after-free in ext4_xattr_set_entry function and a denial of service or unspecified other impact may occur by renam… | |||
| CVE-2018-10880 | unknown | — | — | — | Linux kernel is vulnerable to a stack-out-of-bounds write in the ext4 filesystem code when mounting and writing to a crafted ext4 image in ext4_update_inline_data(). An attacker could use this to cau… | |||
| CVE-2018-10881 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's ext4 filesystem. A local user can cause an out-of-bound access in ext4_get_group_info function, a denial of service, and a system crash by mounting and operatin… | |||
| CVE-2018-10902 | unknown | — | — | — | It was found that the raw midi kernel driver does not protect against concurrent access which leads to a double realloc (double free) in snd_rawmidi_input_params() and snd_rawmidi_output_status() whi… | |||
| CVE-2018-10938 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel present since v4.0-rc1 and through v4.13-rc4. A crafted network packet sent remotely by an attacker may force the kernel to enter an infinite loop in the cipso_v4… | |||
| CVE-2018-1095 | unknown | — | — | — | The ext4_xattr_check_entries function in fs/ext4/xattr.c in the Linux kernel through 4.15.15 does not properly validate xattr sizes, which causes misinterpretation of a size as an error code, and con… | |||
| CVE-2018-13053 | unknown | — | — | — | The alarm_timer_nsleep function in kernel/time/alarmtimer.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3 has an integer overflow via a large relative timeout because ktime_add_safe is not used. | |||
| CVE-2018-13094 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/xfs/libxfs/xfs_attr_leaf.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3. An OOPS may occur for a corrupted xfs image after xfs_da_shrink_inode() is called with a NULL bp. | |||
| CVE-2018-13097 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/f2fs/super.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3. There is an out-of-bounds read or a divide-by-zero error for an incorrect user_block_count in a corrupted f2fs image, le… | |||
| CVE-2018-13406 | unknown | — | — | — | An integer overflow in the uvesafb_setcmap function in drivers/video/fbdev/uvesafb.c in the Linux kernel before 4.17.4 could result in local attackers being able to crash the kernel or potentially el… | |||
| CVE-2018-14609 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.10. There is an invalid pointer dereference in __del_reloc_root() in fs/btrfs/relocation.c when mounting a crafted btrfs image, related to rem… | |||
| CVE-2018-14610 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.10. There is out-of-bounds access in write_extent_buffer() when mounting and operating a crafted btrfs image, because of a lack of verificatio… | |||
| CVE-2018-14633 | unknown | — | — | — | A security flaw was found in the chap_server_compute_md5() function in the ISCSI target code in the Linux kernel in a way an authentication request from an ISCSI initiator is processed. An unauthenti… | |||
| CVE-2018-14641 | unknown | — | — | — | A security flaw was found in the ip_frag_reasm() function in net/ipv4/ip_fragment.c in the Linux kernel from 4.19-rc1 to 4.19-rc3 inclusive, which can cause a later system crash in ip_do_fragment(). … | |||
| CVE-2018-16276 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in yurex_read in drivers/usb/misc/yurex.c in the Linux kernel before 4.17.7. Local attackers could use user access read/writes with incorrect bounds checking in the yurex USB … | |||
| CVE-2018-14646 | unknown | — | — | — | The Linux kernel before 4.15-rc8 was found to be vulnerable to a NULL pointer dereference bug in the __netlink_ns_capable() function in the net/netlink/af_netlink.c file. A local attacker could explo… | |||
| CVE-2018-14656 | unknown | — | — | — | A missing address check in the callers of the show_opcodes() in the Linux kernel allows an attacker to dump the kernel memory at an arbitrary kernel address into the dmesg log. | |||
| CVE-2018-16862 | unknown | — | — | — | A security flaw was found in the Linux kernel in a way that the cleancache subsystem clears an inode after the final file truncation (removal). The new file created with the same inode may contain le… | |||
| CVE-2018-18386 | unknown | — | — | — | drivers/tty/n_tty.c in the Linux kernel before 4.14.11 allows local attackers (who are able to access pseudo terminals) to hang/block further usage of any pseudo terminal devices due to an EXTPROC ve… | |||
| CVE-2018-16658 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 4.18.6. An information leak in cdrom_ioctl_drive_status in drivers/cdrom/cdrom.c could be used by local attackers to read kernel memory because a ca… | |||
| CVE-2018-18021 | unknown | — | — | — | arch/arm64/kvm/guest.c in KVM in the Linux kernel before 4.18.12 on the arm64 platform mishandles the KVM_SET_ON_REG ioctl. This is exploitable by attackers who can create virtual machines. An attack… | |||
| CVE-2018-20856 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 4.18.7. In block/blk-core.c, there is an __blk_drain_queue() use-after-free because a certain error case is mishandled. | |||
| CVE-2018-5750 | unknown | — | — | — | The acpi_smbus_hc_add function in drivers/acpi/sbshc.c in the Linux kernel through 4.14.15 allows local users to obtain sensitive address information by reading dmesg data from an SBS HC printk call. | |||
| CVE-2018-5848 | unknown | — | — | — | In the function wmi_set_ie(), the length validation code does not handle unsigned integer overflow properly. As a result, a large value of the 'ie_len' argument can cause a buffer overflow in all And… | |||
| CVE-2018-5873 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the __ns_get_path function in fs/nsfs.c in the Linux kernel before 4.11. Due to a race condition when accessing files, a Use After Free condition can occur. This also affec… | |||
| CVE-2018-6412 | unknown | — | — | — | In the function sbusfb_ioctl_helper() in drivers/video/fbdev/sbuslib.c in the Linux kernel through 4.15, an integer signedness error allows arbitrary information leakage for the FBIOPUTCMAP_SPARC and… | |||
| CVE-2018-6555 | unknown | — | — | — | The irda_setsockopt function in net/irda/af_irda.c and later in drivers/staging/irda/net/af_irda.c in the Linux kernel before 4.17 allows local users to cause a denial of service (ias_object use-afte… | |||
| CVE-2018-7191 | unknown | — | — | — | In the tun subsystem in the Linux kernel before 4.13.14, dev_get_valid_name is not called before register_netdevice. This allows local users to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference and… | |||
| CVE-2018-7755 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the fd_locked_ioctl function in drivers/block/floppy.c in the Linux kernel through 4.15.7. The floppy driver will copy a kernel pointer to user memory in response to the FD… | |||
| CVE-2018-7754 | unknown | — | — | — | The aoedisk_debugfs_show function in drivers/block/aoe/aoeblk.c in the Linux kernel through 4.16.4rc4 allows local users to obtain sensitive address information by reading "ffree: " lines in a debugf… | |||
| CVE-2018-7757 | unknown | — | — | — | Memory leak in the sas_smp_get_phy_events function in drivers/scsi/libsas/sas_expander.c in the Linux kernel through 4.15.7 allows local users to cause a denial of service (memory consumption) via ma… | |||
| CVE-2018-8043 | unknown | — | — | — | The unimac_mdio_probe function in drivers/net/phy/mdio-bcm-unimac.c in the Linux kernel through 4.15.8 does not validate certain resource availability, which allows local users to cause a denial of s… | |||
| CVE-2018-18499 | unknown | — | — | — | A same-origin policy violation allowing the theft of cross-origin URL entries when using a meta http-equiv="refresh" on a page to cause a redirection to another site using performance.getEntries(). T… | |||
| CVE-2018-14612 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.10. There is an invalid pointer dereference in btrfs_root_node() when mounting a crafted btrfs image, because of a lack of chunk block group m… | |||
| CVE-2018-4118 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected. … | |||
| CVE-2018-4119 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected. … | |||
| CVE-2018-4120 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected. … | |||
| CVE-2018-4122 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected. … | |||
| CVE-2018-4125 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected. … | |||
| CVE-2018-4127 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected. … | |||
| CVE-2018-4128 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected. … | |||
| CVE-2018-4133 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. Safari before 11.1 is affected. The issue involves the "WebKit" component. A Safari cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability allows remote attackers… | |||
| CVE-2018-4146 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected. … | |||
| CVE-2018-4161 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected. … | |||
| CVE-2018-4199 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.4 is affected. Safari before 11.1.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.5 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.5 on Windows is affected… | |||
| CVE-2018-4264 | unknown | — | — | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 11.4.1, tvOS 11.4.1, watchOS 4.3.2, Safari 11.1.2, iTunes 12.8 for Windows, i… | |||
| CVE-2018-4265 | unknown | — | — | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 11.4.1, tvOS 11.4.1, Safari 11.1.2, iTunes 12.8 for Windows, iCloud for Windo… | |||
| CVE-2018-4266 | unknown | — | — | — | A race condition was addressed with additional validation. This issue affected versions prior toiVersions prior to: OS 11.4.1, tvOS 11.4.1, watchOS 4.3.2, Safari 11.1.2, iTunes 12.8 for Windows, iClo… | |||
| CVE-2018-4316 | unknown | — | — | — | A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved state management. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, tvOS 12, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iCloud for Windows 7.7. | |||
| CVE-2018-4319 | unknown | — | — | — | A cross-origin issue existed with "iframe" elements. This was addressed with improved tracking of security origins. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, watchOS 5, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for… | |||
| CVE-2018-4273 | unknown | — | — | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved input validation. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 11.4.1, tvOS 11.4.1, watchOS 4.3.2, Safari 11.1.2, iTunes 12.8 for Windows, … | |||
| CVE-2018-4309 | unknown | — | — | — | A cross-site scripting issue existed in Safari. This issue was addressed with improved URL validation. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, tvOS 12, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iClou… | |||
| CVE-2018-4373 | unknown | — | — | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12.1, watchOS 5.1, Safari 12.0.1, iTunes 12.9.1, iCloud for Windows 7.8. | |||
| CVE-2018-4378 | unknown | — | — | — | A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved validation. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12.1, tvOS 12.1, watchOS 5.1, Safari 12.0.1, iTunes 12.9.1, iCloud for Windows 7.8. | |||
| CVE-2018-12928 | unknown | — | — | — | In the Linux kernel 4.15.0, a NULL pointer dereference was discovered in hfs_ext_read_extent in hfs.ko. This can occur during a mount of a crafted hfs filesystem. | |||
| CVE-2018-12929 | unknown | — | — | — | ntfs_read_locked_inode in the ntfs.ko filesystem driver in the Linux kernel 4.15.0 allows attackers to trigger a use-after-free read and possibly cause a denial of service (kernel oops or panic) via … | |||
| CVE-2018-12931 | unknown | — | — | — | ntfs_attr_find in the ntfs.ko filesystem driver in the Linux kernel 4.15.0 allows attackers to trigger a stack-based out-of-bounds write and cause a denial of service (kernel oops or panic) or possib… | |||
| CVE-2018-13099 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/f2fs/inline.c in the Linux kernel through 4.4. A denial of service (out-of-bounds memory access and BUG) can occur for a modified f2fs filesystem image in which an inlin… | |||
| CVE-2018-13100 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/f2fs/super.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3, which does not properly validate secs_per_zone in a corrupted f2fs image, as demonstrated by a divide-by-zero error. | |||
| CVE-2018-13096 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/f2fs/super.c in the Linux kernel through 4.14. A denial of service (out-of-bounds memory access and BUG) can occur upon encountering an abnormal bitmap size when mountin… | |||
| CVE-2018-20449 | unknown | — | — | — | The hidma_chan_stats function in drivers/dma/qcom/hidma_dbg.c in the Linux kernel 4.14.90 allows local users to obtain sensitive address information by reading "callback=" lines in a debugfs file. | |||
| CVE-2018-20510 | unknown | — | — | — | The print_binder_transaction_ilocked function in drivers/android/binder.c in the Linux kernel 4.14.90 allows local users to obtain sensitive address information by reading "*from *code *flags" lines … | |||
| CVE-2018-20511 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 4.18.11. The ipddp_ioctl function in drivers/net/appletalk/ipddp.c allows local users to obtain sensitive kernel address information by leveraging C… | |||
| CVE-2018-3574 | unknown | — | — | — | In all android releases (Android for MSM, Firefox OS for MSM, QRD Android) from CAF using the linux kernel, userspace can request ION cache maintenance on a secure ION buffer for which the ION_FLAG_S… | |||
| CVE-2018-20855 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 4.18.7. In create_qp_common in drivers/infiniband/hw/mlx5/qp.c, mlx5_ib_create_qp_resp was never initialized, resulting in a leak of stack memory to… | |||
| CVE-2018-21008 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 4.16.7. A use-after-free can be caused by the function rsi_mac80211_detach in the file drivers/net/wireless/rsi/rsi_91x_mac80211.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-20854 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 4.20. drivers/phy/mscc/phy-ocelot-serdes.c has an off-by-one error with a resultant ctrl->phys out-of-bounds read. | |||
| CVE-2018-20961 | unknown | — | — | — | In the Linux kernel before 4.16.4, a double free vulnerability in the f_midi_set_alt function of drivers/usb/gadget/function/f_midi.c in the f_midi driver may allow attackers to cause a denial of ser… | |||
| CVE-2018-25020 | unknown | — | — | — | The BPF subsystem in the Linux kernel before 4.17 mishandles situations with a long jump over an instruction sequence where inner instructions require substantial expansions into multiple BPF instruc… | |||
| CVE-2018-3665 | unknown | — | — | — | System software utilizing Lazy FP state restore technique on systems using Intel Core-based microprocessors may potentially allow a local process to infer data from another process through a speculat… | |||
| CVE-2018-5703 | unknown | — | — | — | The tcp_v6_syn_recv_sock function in net/ipv6/tcp_ipv6.c in the Linux kernel through 4.14.11 allows attackers to cause a denial of service (slab out-of-bounds write) or possibly have unspecified othe… | |||
| CVE-2018-3693 | unknown | — | — | — | Systems with microprocessors utilizing speculative execution and branch prediction may allow unauthorized disclosure of information to an attacker with local user access via a speculative buffer over… | |||
| CVE-2018-5332 | unknown | — | — | — | In the Linux kernel through 3.2, the rds_message_alloc_sgs() function does not validate a value that is used during DMA page allocation, leading to a heap-based out-of-bounds write (related to the rd… | |||
| CVE-2018-7995 | unknown | — | — | — | Race condition in the store_int_with_restart() function in arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mcheck/mce.c in the Linux kernel through 4.15.7 allows local users to cause a denial of service (panic) by leveraging ro… |