CVEs from 2018
Total
2,860
critical
critical 238
high
high 329
medium
medium 260
low
low 39
% Critical
8.3%
% with KEV
3.1%
% with exploit
9.1%
Top vendors
- intel 1,561
- schneider-electric 43
- siemens 42
- rockwellautomation 16
- echelon 15
- redhat 12
- oracle 9
- mitel 8
Top products
- core_i7 379
- core_i5 375
- core_i3 242
- xeon_e5 82
- xeon_e7 62
- xeon_e3 58
- xeon_gold 33
- atom_z 30
| CVE | Severity | CVSS | Risk | Flags | OS | Vendor | Published | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2018-4191 | unknown | — | — | — | A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved validation. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, tvOS 12, watchOS 5, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iCloud for Windows 7.7. | |||
| CVE-2018-4207 | unknown | — | — | — | In iOS before 11.3, Safari before 11.1, iCloud for Windows before 7.4, tvOS before 11.3, watchOS before 4.3, iTunes before 12.7.4 for Windows, unexpected interaction causes an ASSERT failure. This is… | |||
| CVE-2018-4201 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.4 is affected. Safari before 11.1.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.5 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.5 on Windows is affected… | |||
| CVE-2018-4213 | unknown | — | — | — | In iOS before 11.3, Safari before 11.1, iCloud for Windows before 7.4, tvOS before 11.3, watchOS before 4.3, iTunes before 12.7.4 for Windows, unexpected interaction causes an ASSERT failure. This is… | |||
| CVE-2018-4214 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.4 is affected. Safari before 11.1.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.5 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.5 on Windows is affected… | |||
| CVE-2018-12368 | unknown | — | — | — | Windows 10 does not warn users before opening executable files with the SettingContent-ms extension even when they have been downloaded from the internet and have the "Mark of the Web." Without the w… | |||
| CVE-2018-4246 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.4 is affected. Safari before 11.1.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.5 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.5 on Windows is affected… | |||
| CVE-2018-4311 | unknown | — | — | — | The issue was addressed by removing origin information. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, watchOS 5, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iCloud for Windows 7.7. | |||
| CVE-2018-4261 | unknown | — | — | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 11.4.1, tvOS 11.4.1, Safari 11.1.2, iTunes 12.8 for Windows, iCloud for Windo… | |||
| CVE-2018-4263 | unknown | — | — | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 11.4.1, tvOS 11.4.1, Safari 11.1.2, iTunes 12.8 for Windows, iCloud for Windo… | |||
| CVE-2018-15919 | unknown | — | — | — | Remotely observable behaviour in auth-gss2.c in OpenSSH through 7.8 could be used by remote attackers to detect existence of users on a target system when GSS2 is in use. NOTE: the discoverer states … | |||
| CVE-2018-4262 | unknown | — | — | — | In Safari before 11.1.2, iTunes before 12.8 for Windows, iOS before 11.4.1, tvOS before 11.4.1, iCloud for Windows before 7.6, multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory ha… | |||
| CVE-2018-4264 | unknown | — | — | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 11.4.1, tvOS 11.4.1, watchOS 4.3.2, Safari 11.1.2, iTunes 12.8 for Windows, i… | |||
| CVE-2018-4265 | unknown | — | — | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 11.4.1, tvOS 11.4.1, Safari 11.1.2, iTunes 12.8 for Windows, iCloud for Windo… | |||
| CVE-2018-4266 | unknown | — | — | — | A race condition was addressed with additional validation. This issue affected versions prior toiVersions prior to: OS 11.4.1, tvOS 11.4.1, watchOS 4.3.2, Safari 11.1.2, iTunes 12.8 for Windows, iClo… | |||
| CVE-2018-4316 | unknown | — | — | — | A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved state management. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, tvOS 12, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iCloud for Windows 7.7. | |||
| CVE-2018-4319 | unknown | — | — | — | A cross-origin issue existed with "iframe" elements. This was addressed with improved tracking of security origins. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, watchOS 5, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for… | |||
| CVE-2018-4273 | unknown | — | — | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved input validation. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 11.4.1, tvOS 11.4.1, watchOS 4.3.2, Safari 11.1.2, iTunes 12.8 for Windows, … | |||
| CVE-2018-4309 | unknown | — | — | — | A cross-site scripting issue existed in Safari. This issue was addressed with improved URL validation. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, tvOS 12, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iClou… | |||
| CVE-2018-4345 | unknown | — | — | — | A cross-site scripting issue existed in Safari. This issue was addressed with improved URL validation. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, tvOS 12, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iClou… | |||
| CVE-2018-4359 | unknown | — | — | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, tvOS 12, watchOS 5, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iCloud for Window… | |||
| CVE-2018-4361 | unknown | — | — | — | A memory consumption issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, tvOS 12, watchOS 5, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iCloud for Windows 7.7. | |||
| CVE-2018-4373 | unknown | — | — | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12.1, watchOS 5.1, Safari 12.0.1, iTunes 12.9.1, iCloud for Windows 7.8. | |||
| CVE-2018-4378 | unknown | — | — | — | A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved validation. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12.1, tvOS 12.1, watchOS 5.1, Safari 12.0.1, iTunes 12.9.1, iCloud for Windows 7.8. | |||
| CVE-2018-4392 | unknown | — | — | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12.1, tvOS 12.1, watchOS 5.1, Safari 12.0.1, iTunes 12.9.1, iCloud for Window… | |||
| CVE-2018-4464 | unknown | — | — | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12.1.1, tvOS 12.1.1, watchOS 5.1.2, Safari 12.0.2, iTunes 12.9.2 for Windows,… | |||
| CVE-2018-4437 | unknown | — | — | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12.1.1, tvOS 12.1.1, watchOS 5.1.2, Safari 12.0.2, iTunes 12.9.2 for Windows,… | |||
| CVE-2018-20066 | unknown | — | — | — | Incorrect object lifecycle in Extensions in Google Chrome prior to 71.0.3578.80 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page. | |||
| CVE-2018-20067 | unknown | — | — | — | A renderer initiated back navigation was incorrectly allowed to cancel a browser initiated one in Navigation in Google Chrome prior to 71.0.3578.80 allowed a remote attacker to confuse the user about… | |||
| CVE-2018-20069 | unknown | — | — | — | Failure to prevent navigation to top frame to data URLs in Navigation in Google Chrome on iOS prior to 71.0.3578.80 allowed a remote attacker to confuse the user about the origin of the current page … | |||
| CVE-2018-20068 | unknown | — | — | — | Incorrect handling of 304 status codes in Navigation in Google Chrome prior to 71.0.3578.80 allowed a remote attacker to confuse the user about the origin of the current page via a crafted HTML page. | |||
| CVE-2018-20072 | unknown | — | — | — | Insufficient data validation in PDF in Google Chrome prior to 73.0.3683.75 allowed a remote attacker to perform out of bounds memory access via a crafted PDF file. (Chromium security severity: Low) | |||
| CVE-2018-12564 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in Linaro LAVA before 2018.5.post1. Because of support for URLs in the submit page, a user can forge an HTTP request that will force lava-server-gunicorn to return any file on… | |||
| CVE-2018-1108 | unknown | — | — | — | kernel drivers before version 4.17-rc1 are vulnerable to a weakness in the Linux kernel's implementation of random seed data. Programs, early in the boot sequence, could use the data allocated for th… | |||
| CVE-2018-11987 | unknown | — | — | — | In all android releases(Android for MSM, Firefox OS for MSM, QRD Android) from CAF using the linux kernel, if there is an unlikely memory alloc failure for the secure pool in boot, it can result in w… | |||
| CVE-2018-12896 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3. An Integer Overflow in kernel/time/posix-timers.c in the POSIX timer code is caused by the way the overrun accounting works. Depending on i… | |||
| CVE-2018-12928 | unknown | — | — | — | In the Linux kernel 4.15.0, a NULL pointer dereference was discovered in hfs_ext_read_extent in hfs.ko. This can occur during a mount of a crafted hfs filesystem. | |||
| CVE-2018-12929 | unknown | — | — | — | ntfs_read_locked_inode in the ntfs.ko filesystem driver in the Linux kernel 4.15.0 allows attackers to trigger a use-after-free read and possibly cause a denial of service (kernel oops or panic) via … | |||
| CVE-2018-13095 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/xfs/libxfs/xfs_inode_buf.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3. A denial of service (memory corruption and BUG) can occur for a corrupted xfs image upon encountering an i… | |||
| CVE-2018-12931 | unknown | — | — | — | ntfs_attr_find in the ntfs.ko filesystem driver in the Linux kernel 4.15.0 allows attackers to trigger a stack-based out-of-bounds write and cause a denial of service (kernel oops or panic) or possib… | |||
| CVE-2018-13099 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/f2fs/inline.c in the Linux kernel through 4.4. A denial of service (out-of-bounds memory access and BUG) can occur for a modified f2fs filesystem image in which an inlin… | |||
| CVE-2018-13100 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/f2fs/super.c in the Linux kernel through 4.17.3, which does not properly validate secs_per_zone in a corrupted f2fs image, as demonstrated by a divide-by-zero error. | |||
| CVE-2018-13096 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in fs/f2fs/super.c in the Linux kernel through 4.14. A denial of service (out-of-bounds memory access and BUG) can occur upon encountering an abnormal bitmap size when mountin… | |||
| CVE-2018-14613 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.10. There is an invalid pointer dereference in io_ctl_map_page() when mounting and operating a crafted btrfs image, because of a lack of block… | |||
| CVE-2018-14614 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.10. There is an out-of-bounds access in __remove_dirty_segment() in fs/f2fs/segment.c when mounting an f2fs image. | |||
| CVE-2018-14615 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.10. There is a buffer overflow in truncate_inline_inode() in fs/f2fs/inline.c when umounting an f2fs image, because a length value may be nega… | |||
| CVE-2018-14616 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.10. There is a NULL pointer dereference in fscrypt_do_page_crypto() in fs/crypto/crypto.c when operating on a file in a corrupted f2fs image. | |||
| CVE-2018-14617 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.10. There is a NULL pointer dereference and panic in hfsplus_lookup() in fs/hfsplus/dir.c when opening a file (that is purportedly a hard link… | |||
| CVE-2018-16880 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux kernel's handle_rx() function in the [vhost_net] driver. A malicious virtual guest, under specific conditions, can trigger an out-of-bounds write in a kmalloc-8 slab on … | |||
| CVE-2018-14625 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in the Linux Kernel where an attacker may be able to have an uncontrolled read to kernel-memory from within a vm guest. A race condition between connect() and close() function may al… | |||
| CVE-2018-14678 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.17.11, as used in Xen through 4.11.x. The xen_failsafe_callback entry point in arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S does not properly maintain RBX, which al… | |||
| CVE-2018-19407 | unknown | — | — | — | The vcpu_scan_ioapic function in arch/x86/kvm/x86.c in the Linux kernel through 4.19.2 allows local users to cause a denial of service (NULL pointer dereference and BUG) via crafted system calls that… | |||
| CVE-2018-20449 | unknown | — | — | — | The hidma_chan_stats function in drivers/dma/qcom/hidma_dbg.c in the Linux kernel 4.14.90 allows local users to obtain sensitive address information by reading "callback=" lines in a debugfs file. | |||
| CVE-2018-20510 | unknown | — | — | — | The print_binder_transaction_ilocked function in drivers/android/binder.c in the Linux kernel 4.14.90 allows local users to obtain sensitive address information by reading "*from *code *flags" lines … | |||
| CVE-2018-20511 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 4.18.11. The ipddp_ioctl function in drivers/net/appletalk/ipddp.c allows local users to obtain sensitive kernel address information by leveraging C… | |||
| CVE-2018-3574 | unknown | — | — | — | In all android releases (Android for MSM, Firefox OS for MSM, QRD Android) from CAF using the linux kernel, userspace can request ION cache maintenance on a secure ION buffer for which the ION_FLAG_S… | |||
| CVE-2018-20855 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 4.18.7. In create_qp_common in drivers/infiniband/hw/mlx5/qp.c, mlx5_ib_create_qp_resp was never initialized, resulting in a leak of stack memory to… | |||
| CVE-2018-21008 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 4.16.7. A use-after-free can be caused by the function rsi_mac80211_detach in the file drivers/net/wireless/rsi/rsi_91x_mac80211.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-20854 | unknown | — | — | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel before 4.20. drivers/phy/mscc/phy-ocelot-serdes.c has an off-by-one error with a resultant ctrl->phys out-of-bounds read. | |||
| CVE-2018-20961 | unknown | — | — | — | In the Linux kernel before 4.16.4, a double free vulnerability in the f_midi_set_alt function of drivers/usb/gadget/function/f_midi.c in the f_midi driver may allow attackers to cause a denial of ser… | |||
| CVE-2018-7480 | unknown | — | — | — | The blkcg_init_queue function in block/blk-cgroup.c in the Linux kernel before 4.11 allows local users to cause a denial of service (double free) or possibly have unspecified other impact by triggeri… | |||
| CVE-2018-7740 | unknown | — | — | — | The resv_map_release function in mm/hugetlb.c in the Linux kernel through 4.15.7 allows local users to cause a denial of service (BUG) via a crafted application that makes mmap system calls and has a… | |||
| CVE-2018-7995 | unknown | — | — | — | Race condition in the store_int_with_restart() function in arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mcheck/mce.c in the Linux kernel through 4.15.7 allows local users to cause a denial of service (panic) by leveraging ro… | |||
| CVE-2018-8087 | unknown | — | — | — | Memory leak in the hwsim_new_radio_nl function in drivers/net/wireless/mac80211_hwsim.c in the Linux kernel through 4.15.9 allows local users to cause a denial of service (memory consumption) by trig… | |||
| CVE-2018-8781 | unknown | — | — | — | The udl_fb_mmap function in drivers/gpu/drm/udl/udl_fb.c at the Linux kernel version 3.4 and up to and including 4.15 has an integer-overflow vulnerability allowing local users with access to the udl… | |||
| CVE-2018-8822 | unknown | — | — | — | Incorrect buffer length handling in the ncp_read_kernel function in fs/ncpfs/ncplib_kernel.c in the Linux kernel through 4.15.11, and in drivers/staging/ncpfs/ncplib_kernel.c in the Linux kernel 4.16… | |||
| CVE-2018-9363 | unknown | — | — | — | In the hidp_process_report in bluetooth, there is an integer overflow. This could lead to an out of bounds write with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exp… | |||
| CVE-2018-9517 | unknown | — | — | — | In pppol2tp_connect, there is possible memory corruption due to a use after free. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not nee… | |||
| CVE-2018-9518 | unknown | — | — | — | In nfc_llcp_build_sdreq_tlv of llcp_commands.c, there is a possible out of bounds write due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privilege… | |||
| CVE-2018-9568 | unknown | — | — | — | In sk_clone_lock of sock.c, there is a possible memory corruption due to type confusion. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interact… | |||
| CVE-2018-10177 | unknown | — | — | — | In ImageMagick 7.0.7-28, there is an infinite loop in the ReadOneMNGImage function of the coders/png.c file. Remote attackers could leverage this vulnerability to cause a denial of service via a craf… | |||
| CVE-2018-10805 | unknown | — | — | — | ImageMagick version 7.0.7-28 contains a memory leak in ReadYCBCRImage in coders/ycbcr.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-10888 | unknown | — | — | — | A flaw was found in libgit2 before version 0.27.3. A missing check in git_delta_apply function in delta.c file, may lead to an out-of-bound read while reading a binary delta file. An attacker may use… | |||
| CVE-2018-5357 | unknown | — | — | — | ImageMagick 7.0.7-22 Q16 has memory leaks in the ReadDCMImage function in coders/dcm.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-9135 | unknown | — | — | — | In ImageMagick 7.0.7-24 Q16, there is a heap-based buffer over-read in IsWEBPImageLossless in coders/webp.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-20124 | unknown | — | — | — | hw/rdma/rdma_backend.c in QEMU allows guest OS users to trigger out-of-bounds access via a PvrdmaSqWqe ring element with a large num_sge value. | |||
| CVE-2018-1000003 | unknown | — | — | — | Improper input validation bugs in DNSSEC validators components in PowerDNS version 4.1.0 allow attacker in man-in-the-middle position to deny existence of some data in DNS via packet replay. | |||
| CVE-2018-11624 | unknown | — | — | — | In ImageMagick 7.0.7-36 Q16, the ReadMATImage function in coders/mat.c allows attackers to cause a use after free via a crafted file. | |||
| CVE-2018-11251 | unknown | — | — | — | In ImageMagick 7.0.7-23 Q16 x86_64 2018-01-24, there is a heap-based buffer over-read in ReadSUNImage in coders/sun.c, which allows attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash in SetGra… | |||
| CVE-2018-14436 | unknown | — | — | — | ImageMagick 7.0.8-4 has a memory leak in ReadMIFFImage in coders/miff.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-11655 | unknown | — | — | — | In ImageMagick 7.0.7-20 Q16 x86_64, a memory leak vulnerability was found in the function GetImagePixelCache in MagickCore/cache.c, which allows attackers to cause a denial of service via a crafted C… | |||
| CVE-2018-11656 | unknown | — | — | — | In ImageMagick 7.0.7-20 Q16 x86_64, a memory leak vulnerability was found in the function ReadDCMImage in coders/dcm.c, which allows attackers to cause a denial of service via a crafted DCM image fil… | |||
| CVE-2018-12600 | unknown | — | — | — | In ImageMagick 7.0.8-3 Q16, ReadDIBImage and WriteDIBImage in coders/dib.c allow attackers to cause an out of bounds write via a crafted file. | |||
| CVE-2018-14434 | unknown | — | — | — | ImageMagick 7.0.8-4 has a memory leak for a colormap in WriteMPCImage in coders/mpc.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-16329 | unknown | — | — | — | In ImageMagick before 7.0.8-8, a NULL pointer dereference exists in the GetMagickProperty function in MagickCore/property.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-14551 | unknown | — | — | — | The ReadMATImageV4 function in coders/mat.c in ImageMagick 7.0.8-7 uses an uninitialized variable, leading to memory corruption. | |||
| CVE-2018-16328 | unknown | — | — | — | In ImageMagick before 7.0.8-8, a NULL pointer dereference exists in the CheckEventLogging function in MagickCore/log.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-16640 | unknown | — | — | — | ImageMagick 7.0.8-5 has a memory leak vulnerability in the function ReadOneJNGImage in coders/png.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-16641 | unknown | — | — | — | ImageMagick 7.0.8-6 has a memory leak vulnerability in the TIFFWritePhotoshopLayers function in coders/tiff.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-16642 | unknown | — | — | — | The function InsertRow in coders/cut.c in ImageMagick 7.0.7-37 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service via a crafted image file due to an out-of-bounds write. | |||
| CVE-2018-16643 | unknown | — | — | — | The functions ReadDCMImage in coders/dcm.c, ReadPWPImage in coders/pwp.c, ReadCALSImage in coders/cals.c, and ReadPICTImage in coders/pict.c in ImageMagick 7.0.8-4 do not check the return value of th… | |||
| CVE-2018-16749 | unknown | — | — | — | In ImageMagick 7.0.7-29 and earlier, a missing NULL check in ReadOneJNGImage in coders/png.c allows an attacker to cause a denial of service (WriteBlob assertion failure and application exit) via a c… | |||
| CVE-2018-17967 | unknown | — | — | — | ImageMagick 7.0.7-28 has a memory leak vulnerability in ReadBGRImage in coders/bgr.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-5247 | unknown | — | — | — | In ImageMagick 7.0.7-17 Q16, there are memory leaks in ReadRLAImage in coders/rla.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-18016 | unknown | — | — | — | ImageMagick 7.0.7-28 has a memory leak vulnerability in WritePCXImage in coders/pcx.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-18023 | unknown | — | — | — | In ImageMagick 7.0.8-13 Q16, there is a heap-based buffer over-read in the SVGStripString function of coders/svg.c, which allows attackers to cause a denial of service via a crafted SVG image file. | |||
| CVE-2018-18024 | unknown | — | — | — | In ImageMagick 7.0.8-13 Q16, there is an infinite loop in the ReadBMPImage function of the coders/bmp.c file. Remote attackers could leverage this vulnerability to cause a denial of service via a cra… | |||
| CVE-2018-18025 | unknown | — | — | — | In ImageMagick 7.0.8-13 Q16, there is a heap-based buffer over-read in the EncodeImage function of coders/pict.c, which allows attackers to cause a denial of service via a crafted SVG image file. | |||
| CVE-2018-5358 | unknown | — | — | — | ImageMagick 7.0.7-22 Q16 has memory leaks in the EncodeImageAttributes function in coders/json.c, as demonstrated by the ReadPSDLayersInternal function in coders/psd.c. | |||
| CVE-2018-5248 | unknown | — | — | — | In ImageMagick 7.0.7-17 Q16, there is a heap-based buffer over-read in coders/sixel.c in the ReadSIXELImage function, related to the sixel_decode function. |