CVEs from 2018
Total
2,884
critical
critical 238
high
high 329
medium
medium 259
low
low 39
% Critical
8.3%
% with KEV
3.1%
% with exploit
9.0%
Top vendors
- intel 1,561
- schneider-electric 43
- siemens 42
- rockwellautomation 16
- echelon 15
- redhat 12
- oracle 9
- mitel 8
Top products
- core_i7 379
- core_i5 375
- core_i3 242
- xeon_e5 82
- xeon_e7 62
- xeon_e3 58
- xeon_gold 33
- atom_z 30
| CVE | Severity | CVSS | Risk | Flags | OS | Vendor | Published | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2018-6789 | high | — | 10.0 | 5y ago | Exim contains a buffer overflow vulnerability in the base64d function part of the SMTP listener that may allow for remote code execution. | |||
| CVE-2018-5702 | high | — | 9.0 | — | Transmission through 2.92 relies on X-Transmission-Session-Id (which is not a forbidden header for Fetch) for access control, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary RPC commands, and cons… | |||
| CVE-2018-8897 | high | — | 9.0 | — | A statement in the System Programming Guide of the Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual (SDM) was mishandled in the development of some or all operating-system kernels, result… | |||
| CVE-2018-7254 | high | — | 9.0 | — | The ParseCaffHeaderConfig function of the cli/caff.c file of WavPack 5.1.0 allows a remote attacker to cause a denial-of-service (global buffer over-read), or possibly trigger a buffer overflow or in… | |||
| CVE-2018-16858 | high | — | 9.0 | — | It was found that libreoffice before versions 6.0.7 and 6.1.3 was vulnerable to a directory traversal attack which could be used to execute arbitrary macros bundled with a document. An attacker could… | |||
| CVE-2018-1000001 | high | — | 9.0 | — | In glibc 2.26 and earlier there is confusion in the usage of getcwd() by realpath() which can be used to write before the destination buffer leading to a buffer underflow and potential code execution. | |||
| CVE-2018-17182 | high | — | 9.0 | — | An issue was discovered in the Linux kernel through 4.18.8. The vmacache_flush_all function in mm/vmacache.c mishandles sequence number overflows. An attacker can trigger a use-after-free (and possib… | |||
| CVE-2018-17456 | high | — | 9.0 | — | Git before 2.14.5, 2.15.x before 2.15.3, 2.16.x before 2.16.5, 2.17.x before 2.17.2, 2.18.x before 2.18.1, and 2.19.x before 2.19.1 allows remote code execution during processing of a recursive "git … | |||
| CVE-2018-18065 | high | — | 9.0 | — | _set_key in agent/helpers/table_container.c in Net-SNMP before 5.8 has a NULL Pointer Exception bug that can be used by an authenticated attacker to remotely cause the instance to crash via a crafted… | |||
| CVE-2018-1120 | high | — | 9.0 | — | A flaw was found affecting the Linux kernel before version 4.17. By mmap()ing a FUSE-backed file onto a process's memory containing command line arguments (or environment strings), an attacker can ca… | |||
| CVE-2018-0492 | high | — | 9.0 | — | Johnathan Nightingale beep through 1.3.4, if setuid, has a race condition that allows local privilege escalation. | |||
| CVE-2018-17961 | high | — | 9.0 | — | Artifex Ghostscript 9.25 and earlier allows attackers to bypass a sandbox protection mechanism via vectors involving errorhandler setup. NOTE: this issue exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2… | |||
| CVE-2018-14912 | high | — | 9.0 | — | cgit_clone_objects in CGit before 1.2.1 has a directory traversal vulnerability when `enable-http-clone=1` is not turned off, as demonstrated by a cgit/cgit.cgi/git/objects/?path=../ request. | |||
| CVE-2018-7182 | high | — | 9.0 | — | The ctl_getitem method in ntpd in ntp-4.2.8p6 before 4.2.8p11 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via a crafted mode 6 packet with a ntpd instance from 4.2.8p6 t… | |||
| CVE-2018-1000115 | high | — | 9.0 | — | Memcached version 1.5.5 contains an Insufficient Control of Network Message Volume (Network Amplification, CWE-406) vulnerability in the UDP support of the memcached server that can result in denial … | |||
| CVE-2018-11529 | high | — | 9.0 | — | VideoLAN VLC media player 2.2.x is prone to a use after free vulnerability which an attacker can leverage to execute arbitrary code via crafted MKV files. Failed exploit attempts will likely result i… | |||
| CVE-2018-6126 | high | — | 9.0 | — | A precision error in Skia in Google Chrome prior to 67.0.3396.62 allowed a remote attacker to perform an out of bounds memory write via a crafted HTML page. | |||
| CVE-2018-10900 | high | — | 9.0 | — | Network Manager VPNC plugin (aka networkmanager-vpnc) before version 1.2.6 is vulnerable to a privilege escalation attack. A new line character can be used to inject a Password helper parameter into … | |||
| CVE-2018-14665 | high | — | 9.0 | — | A flaw was found in xorg-x11-server before 1.20.3. An incorrect permission check for -modulepath and -logfile options when starting Xorg. X server allows unprivileged users with the ability to log in… | |||
| CVE-2018-18557 | high | — | 9.0 | — | LibTIFF 3.9.3, 3.9.4, 3.9.5, 3.9.6, 3.9.7, 4.0.0alpha4, 4.0.0alpha5, 4.0.0alpha6, 4.0.0beta7, 4.0.0, 4.0.1, 4.0.2, 4.0.3, 4.0.4, 4.0.4beta, 4.0.5, 4.0.6, 4.0.7, 4.0.8 and 4.0.9 (with JBIG enabled) de… | |||
| CVE-2018-1121 | high | — | 9.0 | — | procps-ng, procps is vulnerable to a process hiding through race condition. Since the kernel's proc_pid_readdir() returns PID entries in ascending numeric order, a process occupying a high PID can us… | |||
| CVE-2018-1999002 | high | — | 9.0 | 4y ago | multiple issues in jenkins | |||
| CVE-2018-13405 | high | — | 9.0 | 4y ago | The inode_init_owner function in fs/inode.c in the Linux kernel through 3.16 allows local users to create files with an unintended group ownership, in a scenario where a directory is SGID to a certai… | |||
| CVE-2018-11784 | high | — | 9.0 | 8y ago | When the default servlet in Apache Tomcat versions 9.0.0.M1 to 9.0.11, 8.5.0 to 8.5.33 and 7.0.23 to 7.0.90 returned a redirect to a directory (e.g. redirecting to '/foo/' when the user requested '/f… | |||
| CVE-2018-12327 | medium | — | 6.5 | — | Stack-based buffer overflow in ntpq and ntpdc of NTP version 4.2.8p11 allows an attacker to achieve code execution or escalate to higher privileges via a long string as the argument for an IPv4 or IP… | |||
| CVE-2018-1122 | medium | — | 6.5 | — | procps-ng before version 3.3.15 is vulnerable to a local privilege escalation in top. If a user runs top with HOME unset in an attacker-controlled directory, the attacker could achieve privilege esca… | |||
| CVE-2018-15473 | medium | — | 6.5 | — | OpenSSH through 7.7 is prone to a user enumeration vulnerability due to not delaying bailout for an invalid authenticating user until after the packet containing the request has been fully parsed, re… | |||
| CVE-2018-1124 | medium | — | 6.5 | — | procps-ng before version 3.3.15 is vulnerable to multiple integer overflows leading to a heap corruption in file2strvec function. This allows a privilege escalation for a local attacker who can creat… | |||
| CVE-2018-20781 | medium | — | 6.5 | — | In pam/gkr-pam-module.c in GNOME Keyring before 3.27.2, the user's password is kept in a session-child process spawned from the LightDM daemon. This can expose the credential in cleartext. | |||
| CVE-2018-8002 | medium | — | 6.5 | — | In PoDoFo 0.9.5, there exists an infinite loop vulnerability in PdfParserObject::ParseFileComplete() in PdfParserObject.cpp which may result in stack overflow. Remote attackers could leverage this vu… | |||
| CVE-2018-1123 | medium | — | 6.5 | — | procps-ng before version 3.3.15 is vulnerable to a denial of service in ps via mmap buffer overflow. Inbuilt protection in ps maps a guard page at the end of the overflowed buffer, ensuring that the … | |||
| CVE-2018-3639 | medium | 5.5 | 6.5 | 8y ago | Systems with microprocessors utilizing speculative execution and speculative execution of memory reads before the addresses of all prior memory writes are known may allow unauthorized disclosure of i… | |||
| CVE-2018-14634 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4mo ago | Linux Kernel contains an integer overflow vulnerability in the create_elf_tables() function which could allow an unprivileged local user with access to SUID (or otherwise privileged) binary to escala… | |||
| CVE-2018-9276 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 1y ago | Paessler PRTG Network Monitor contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows an attacker with administrative privileges to execute commands via the PRTG System Administrator web console. | |||
| CVE-2018-14933 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 2y ago | NUUO NVRmini devices contain an OS command injection vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote command execution via shell metacharacters in the uploaddir parameter for a writeuploaddir command. | |||
| CVE-2018-0824 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 2y ago | Microsoft COM for Windows contains a deserialization of untrusted data vulnerability that allows for privilege escalation and remote code execution via a specially crafted file or script. | |||
| CVE-2018-5430 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | TIBCO JasperReports Server contain a vulnerability which may allow any authenticated user read-only access to the contents of the web application, including key configuration files. | |||
| CVE-2018-7445 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | In MikroTik RouterOS, a stack-based buffer overflow occurs when processing NetBIOS session request messages. Remote attackers with access to the service can exploit this vulnerability and gain code e… | |||
| CVE-2018-2628 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | Oracle WebLogic Server contains an unspecified vulnerability which can allow an unauthenticated attacker with T3 network access to compromise the server. | |||
| CVE-2018-13374 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | Fortinet FortiOS and FortiADC contain an improper access control vulnerability that allows attackers to obtain the LDAP server login credentials configured in FortiGate by pointing a LDAP server conn… | |||
| CVE-2018-6065 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | Google Chromium V8 Engine contains an integer overflow vulnerability that allows a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page. This vulnerability could affect mult… | |||
| CVE-2018-15133 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | Laravel Framework contains a deserialization of untrusted data vulnerability, allowing for remote command execution. This vulnerability may only be exploited if a malicious user has accessed the appl… | |||
| CVE-2018-8298 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | The ChakraCore scripting engine contains a type confusion vulnerability which can allow for remote code execution. | |||
| CVE-2018-1000861 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | A code execution vulnerability exists in the Stapler web framework used by Jenkins | |||
| CVE-2018-7841 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | A SQL Injection vulnerability exists in U.motion Builder software which could cause unwanted code execution when an improper set of characters is entered. | |||
| CVE-2018-10562 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | Dasan GPON Routers contain an authentication bypass vulnerability. When combined with CVE-2018-10561, exploitation can allow an attacker to perform remote code execution. | |||
| CVE-2018-10561 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | Dasan GPON Routers contain an authentication bypass vulnerability. When combined with CVE-2018-10562, exploitation can allow an attacker to perform remote code execution. | |||
| CVE-2018-8440 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists when Windows improperly handles calls to Advanced Local Procedure Call (ALPC). | |||
| CVE-2018-11138 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | The '/common/download_agent_installer.php' script in the Quest KACE System Management Appliance is accessible by anonymous users and can be abused to perform remote code execution. | |||
| CVE-2018-6961 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | VMware SD-WAN Edge by VeloCloud contains a command injection vulnerability in the local web UI component. Successful exploitation of this issue could result in remote code execution. | |||
| CVE-2018-8120 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | A privilege escalation vulnerability exists in Windows when the Win32k component fails to properly handle objects in memory. | |||
| CVE-2018-8174 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the VBScript engine handles objects in memory, aka "Windows VBScript Engine Remote Code Execution" | |||
| CVE-2018-20250 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | WinRAR Absolute Path Traversal vulnerability leads to Remote Code Execution | |||
| CVE-2018-15982 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | Adobe Flash Player com.adobe.tvsdk.mediacore.metadata Use After Free Vulnerability | |||
| CVE-2018-8453 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 4y ago | Microsoft Windows Win32k contains a vulnerability that allows an attacker to escalate privileges. | |||
| CVE-2018-13382 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 5y ago | An Improper Authorization vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS and FortiProxy under SSL VPN web portal allows an unauthenticated attacker to modify the password. | |||
| CVE-2018-14847 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 5y ago | MikroTik RouterOS through 6.42 allows unauthenticated remote attackers to read arbitrary files and remote authenticated attackers to write arbitrary files due to a directory traversal vulnerability i… | |||
| CVE-2018-2380 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 5y ago | SAP Customer Relationship Management (CRM) contains a path traversal vulnerability that allows an attacker to exploit insufficient validation of path information provided by users. | |||
| CVE-2018-4878 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 5y ago | Adobe Flash Player contains a use-after-free vulnerability that could allow for code execution. | |||
| CVE-2018-15961 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 5y ago | Adobe ColdFusion contains an unrestricted file upload vulnerability that could allow for code execution. | |||
| CVE-2018-0171 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 5y ago | Cisco IOS and IOS XE Software improperly validates packet data, allowing an unauthenticated, remote attacker to trigger a reload of an affected device, cause a denial-of-service (DoS) condition, or p… | |||
| CVE-2018-0296 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 5y ago | Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) contains an improper input validation vulnerability with HTTP URLs. Exploitation could allow an attacker to cause a denial-of-service (DoS) condition or inform… | |||
| CVE-2018-13379 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 5y ago | Fortinet FortiOS SSL VPN web portal contains a path traversal vulnerability that may allow an unauthenticated attacker to download FortiOS system files through specially crafted HTTP resource request… | |||
| CVE-2018-20062 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 5y ago | ThinkPHP "noneCms" contains an unspecified vulnerability that allows for remote code execution through crafted use of the filter parameter. | |||
| CVE-2018-15811 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 7y ago | DotNetNuke (DNN) contains an inadequate encryption strength vulnerability resulting from the use of a weak encryption algorithm to protect input parameters. | |||
| CVE-2018-18325 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 7y ago | DotNetNuke (DNN) contains an inadequate encryption strength vulnerability resulting from the use of a weak encryption algorithm to protect input parameters. This CVE ID resolves an incomplete patch f… | |||
| CVE-2018-11776 | unknown | — | 2.5 | 8y ago | Apache Struts contains a vulnerability that allows for remote code execution under two circumstances. One, where the alwaysSelectFullNamespace option is true and the value isn't set for a result defi… | |||
| CVE-2018-4314 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | A use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, tvOS 12, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iCloud for Windows 7.7. | |||
| CVE-2018-4328 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, tvOS 12, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iCloud for Windows 7.7. | |||
| CVE-2018-4312 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | A use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, tvOS 12, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iCloud for Windows 7.7. | |||
| CVE-2018-4222 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.4 is affected. Safari before 11.1.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.5 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.5 on Windows is affected… | |||
| CVE-2018-12904 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | In arch/x86/kvm/vmx.c in the Linux kernel before 4.17.2, when nested virtualization is used, local attackers could cause L1 KVM guests to VMEXIT, potentially allowing privilege escalations and denial… | |||
| CVE-2018-4218 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.4 is affected. Safari before 11.1.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.5 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.5 on Windows is affected… | |||
| CVE-2018-4192 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.4 is affected. Safari before 11.1.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.5 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.5 on Windows is affected… | |||
| CVE-2018-4162 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected. … | |||
| CVE-2018-4121 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.4 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.4 on Windows is affected. … | |||
| CVE-2018-4089 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.2.5 is affected. macOS before 10.13.3 is affected. Safari before 11.0.3 is affected. tvOS before 11.2.5 is affected. The issue involve… | |||
| CVE-2018-12293 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | The getImageData function in the ImageBufferCairo class in WebCore/platform/graphics/cairo/ImageBufferCairo.cpp in WebKit, as used in WebKitGTK+ prior to version 2.20.3 and WPE WebKit prior to versio… | |||
| CVE-2018-4200 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | An issue was discovered in certain Apple products. iOS before 11.3.1 is affected. Safari before 11.1 is affected. iCloud before 7.5 on Windows is affected. iTunes before 12.7.5 on Windows is affected… | |||
| CVE-2018-5333 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | In the Linux kernel through 4.14.13, the rds_cmsg_atomic function in net/rds/rdma.c mishandles cases where page pinning fails or an invalid address is supplied, leading to an rds_atomic_free_op NULL … | |||
| CVE-2018-13441 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | qh_help in Nagios Core version 4.4.1 and earlier is prone to a NULL pointer dereference vulnerability, which allows attacker to cause a local denial-of-service condition by sending a crafted payload … | |||
| CVE-2018-7273 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | In the Linux kernel through 4.15.4, the floppy driver reveals the addresses of kernel functions and global variables using printk calls within the function show_floppy in drivers/block/floppy.c. An a… | |||
| CVE-2018-11508 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | The compat_get_timex function in kernel/compat.c in the Linux kernel before 4.16.9 allows local users to obtain sensitive information from kernel memory via adjtimex. | |||
| CVE-2018-11412 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | In the Linux kernel 4.13 through 4.16.11, ext4_read_inline_data() in fs/ext4/inline.c performs a memcpy with an untrusted length value in certain circumstances involving a crafted filesystem that sto… | |||
| CVE-2018-4442 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12.1.1, tvOS 12.1.1, watchOS 5.1.2, Safari 12.0.2, iTunes 12.9.2 for Windows, iCloud f… | |||
| CVE-2018-4441 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12.1.1, tvOS 12.1.1, watchOS 5.1.2, Safari 12.0.2, iTunes 12.9.2 for Windows, iCloud f… | |||
| CVE-2018-4315 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | A use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, tvOS 12, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iCloud for Windows 7.7. | |||
| CVE-2018-13458 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | qh_core in Nagios Core 4.4.1 and earlier is prone to a NULL pointer dereference vulnerability, which allows attackers to cause a local denial-of-service condition by sending a crafted payload to the … | |||
| CVE-2018-4317 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | A use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, tvOS 12, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iCloud for Windows 7.7. | |||
| CVE-2018-4323 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, tvOS 12, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iCloud for Windows 7.7. | |||
| CVE-2018-4386 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12.1, tvOS 12.1, watchOS 5.1, Safari 12.0.1, iTunes 12.9.1, iCloud for Window… | |||
| CVE-2018-4416 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12.1, tvOS 12.1, watchOS 5.1, Safari 12.0.1, iTunes 12.9.1, iCloud for Window… | |||
| CVE-2018-4438 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | A logic issue existed resulting in memory corruption. This was addressed with improved state management. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12.1.1, tvOS 12.1.1, watchOS 5.1.2, Safari 12.0.2, i… | |||
| CVE-2018-4443 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12.1.1, tvOS 12.1.1, watchOS 5.1.2, Safari 12.0.2, iTunes 12.9.2 for Windows, iCloud f… | |||
| CVE-2018-16323 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | ReadXBMImage in coders/xbm.c in ImageMagick before 7.0.8-9 leaves data uninitialized when processing an XBM file that has a negative pixel value. If the affected code is used as a library loaded into… | |||
| CVE-2018-18955 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | In the Linux kernel 4.15.x through 4.19.x before 4.19.2, map_write() in kernel/user_namespace.c allows privilege escalation because it mishandles nested user namespaces with more than 5 UID or GID ra… | |||
| CVE-2018-6871 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | LibreOffice before 5.4.5 and 6.x before 6.0.1 allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files via =WEBSERVICE calls in a document, which use the COM.MICROSOFT.WEBSERVICE function. | |||
| CVE-2018-4197 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | A use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, tvOS 12, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iCloud for Windows 7.7. | |||
| CVE-2018-4306 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | A use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, tvOS 12, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iCloud for Windows 7.7. | |||
| CVE-2018-1160 | unknown | — | 1.0 | — | Netatalk before 3.1.12 is vulnerable to an out of bounds write in dsi_opensess.c. This is due to lack of bounds checking on attacker controlled data. A remote unauthenticated attacker can leverage th… |